Women in Power: Queen Elizabeth

Women in Power: Queen Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I was the most remarkable women leader in English history. She was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was not celebrated; instead it was a bitter disappointment to her father King Henry VIII, who was highly anticipating the birth of a son. Her mother was executed for treason shortly after her birth Elizabeth lost all heredity to the throne. After Henry VIII’s third wife Jane Seymour died, however, Elizabeth was placed back in the order of succession after Edward and Mary by act of parliament.When she came into power, Elizabeth I had to clean up the big mess that was left by her sister Mary’s five year reign. Mary had abruptly changed the national religion from Protestantism to Catholicism, and she was not going to hear any objections. She mercilessly hunted down and executed Protestants who refused to convert. After Elizabeth I took the throne-she switched back to Protestantism and, as Miriam restored religious order in England. Under Elizabeth I, religion and nationality were almost the same.Her first act as Queen was to form a loyal government: she replaced the Privy Council with qualified advisors such as nobles, lawyers, and businessmen. Although she had an excellent board of advisors, she did not allow them to dominate her decisions. Elizabeth was determined to set up a safe and stable government. During Queen Elizabeth’s forty-five year reign, England prospered considerably. Her reign witnessed a wide increase in literacy and achievements in the arts. Famous writers such as Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Christopher Marlowe emerged.England also expanded significantly overseas. Elizabeth encouraged explorers like Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Hawkins. Her sponsorship of explorers like these led to the establishment of English colonies around the world. Under her rule, a middle class of merchants, tradesmen, and craftsmen flourished. Elizabeth I embraced the new scientific thinking of the Renaissance and important scientists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Dr. John Dee emerged. Her leadership established England as one of Europe’s leading nations.Elizabeth’s economic achievements were not her only ones; she also had many triumphs in the battlefield, the Spanish Armada being one of them. In 1588, King Phillip of Spain set out to invade England. His plan was to sail one-hundred ships down the English Channel and meet up with the forces of Duke of Parma, who was making their way from the Netherlands, and hopefully overwhelm England. But Elizabeth’s men were keeping watch on the shores of England, and as the first ship was spotted the fighting began. While English soldiers and sailors were out fighting for their country, Elizabeth was on her way to Tilbury.She was not going to sit trembling inside a guarded Palace while her people fought, but was going to go to the coast of the battle and ‘live or die ’ with them. This is where she made one of her most famous speeches, the Tilbury Speech, â€Å"I know I have the body of a meek and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and a King of England, too. † Queen Elizabeth I truly cared about her people, and she was not afraid to defend them. Spain suffered a humiliating loss, and England proudly celebrated their victory.The victory was especially remarkable, considering Spain was the most powerful country in the world in the sixteenth century. Queen Elizabeth I managed to stay alive even though she was the target of many conspiracies and scandalous rumors. Before she even became Queen, she was accused of being involved in the Puritan rebellion by her half-sister, Mary. She was held prisoner in the Tower of London and suffered through torrential questioning. Elizabeth was also the center of a vicious rumor that she allegedly took part in romantic activity with her step-mother Katherine Parr’s husban d, Thomas Seymour.This could’ve easily ruined her reputation, but the rumor was waved off and gossip soon stopped. Assassination conspiracies were also a threat to the Queen. Mary of Scots firmly believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne, and she had constructed several plots to kill the Queen. The fact that Elizabeth had survived through all this turmoil is very remarkable. Queen Elizabeth I had truly earned the love and devotion of her people. Before she was crowned, most people did not believe that a woman could take on the responsibility of ruling a country; Elizabeth proved them very wrong.Her accession day, November 16, even became a national holiday. Queen Elizabeth I developed her image of the devoted ruler who courted her subjects’ opinions and as Gloriana, the goddess around whom England revolved. Queen Elizabeth I was the strongest monarch in English history. Throughout her reign she proved that she really did care about her country and the peopl e in it. She successful in keeping the country together and safe, as many before her had failed to do. Even after four-hundred years, the people of England still love and remember her.

Euthanasia to Preserve Quality of Life Essay

There is nothing more precious than human life, and one of the most important tasks of our justice system is to preserve the sanctity of it. However, when one asks a person to â€Å"go live your life† or â€Å"live life to its fullest† what is implied? We are expected to inference that we should be more adventurous, try new things, and include enjoyable experiences. Yet, what if we were prevented from doing these things because of a crippling disability, or excruciating, chronic pain? This raises the issue that when there is no quality of life, there is little sanctity in it. Therefore, to preserve quality of life, and security of person, choosing to end a life for merciful reasons, or euthanasia, should be considered a viable option. In R v. Latimer, Robert Latimer’s daughter Tracy was in excruciating pain, underwent several serious operations, had the mental capacity of a four month old infant, and suffered a variety of other ailments. He believed that he was justified in killing his daughter, because in death she would experience no pain, and therefore it was a more positive alternative to her life. In the case of Sue Rodriguez, her life was in a state of slow deterioration, and by the time she deemed there was no more quality in it, she would be unable to commit suicide. Consequently, she pursued the legalization of Assisted Suicide. In her eyes, not to do so violated her Right to Security of Person under s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Examining these cases and the public reactions to them helps to shed light on the controversial topic of Euthanasia. R V. LATIMER Robert Latimer was a Saskatchewan farmer. His daughter Tracy was born with extremely severe cerebral palsy, causing her to be a quadriplegic, have the intelligence of a four month old infant, and necessitate the use of spoon feeding to provide nourishment. Tracy â€Å"suffered five to six seizures daily, and it was thought she suffered great pain† (Dimensions of Law: p. 325). After another surgery was required to insert a feeding tube into Tracy’s stomach to prevent malnutrition, Latimer decided that the quality of Tracy’s  life was so low, it would be a better alternative to euthanize her by putting her in his truck and filling it with carbon monoxide. Robert Latimer was charged with first degree murder for this killing, and was later convicted of second degree murder, and sentenced to the minimum ten years in prison. Latimer believed that because of the extenuating circumstances, that ten years was cruel and unusual punishment. He appealed to the Supreme Court, but his conviction was upheld unanimously. This case provides great interest for a number of reasons. According to Canadian law, what Robert Latimer did was undoubtedly murder. He took his daughter’s life intentionally and with careful consideration. However, under certain circumstances, taking life cannot be considered murder. It is thought very humane to euthanize or â€Å"put-down† a pet that is suffering. Yet, to do so to a human is considered murder. Of course, there is typically a distinction between human and animal intelligence, but in the case of R v. Latimer, Tracy Latimer only possessed the mental capacity of a four month old infant. This means she could not formulate the abstract thoughts that distinguish humanity from animals. All Tracy knew was discomfort, suffering, and slowly degrading health. If she was Robert Latimer’s pet, the majority of society would _look down on him_ for not taking the humane steps and ending this life, and thus her suffering. However, the nature of our legal system means that ending any human’s life, no matter what physical state they are in, is a criminal offence. This should not be, as it violates their right to security of person, which is further outlined in the case of Sue Rodriguez. SUE RODRIGUEZ AND ASSISTED SUICIDE In 1992, a British Columbian woman named Sue Rodriguez started a court case with the intention of altering s. 241 of the Canadian Criminal code. This section states: _†Every one who (a) counsels a person to commit suicide, or (b) aids or abets a person to commit suicide whether suicide ensues or not, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not  exceeding fourteen years†_ (Canadian Criminal Code). Sue Rodriguez had ALS, (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), commonly referred to as Lou Gherig’s disease. This is a degenerative nerve disease that renders an individual to become gradually weakened until she is unable to eat, or even breathe without the help of machines. Ms. Rodriquez wished to enjoy life while she still could. When the quality of her life reached a point that life was no longer worth living, she would be unable to end it by her own hand. She felt that s. 241 of the criminal code violated s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which states: â€Å"_Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person and the right not to be deprived thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ _ (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms). Rodriguez thought that because the Criminal Code prevented someone from assisting her in suicide, it was violating her right to security of person. She brought this case all the way to the Supreme Court, where in a 5 – 4 decision, they ruled against altering s. 241 of the Criminal Code. About four months after the ruling, Sue committed assisted suicide with the aid of a physician whose identity is still unknown. Sue Rodriguez was facing an impossible situation; she wished to enjoy life as long as she could, but the minute she could no longer enjoy it, she would be too weak to carry out suicide, what she believed was the most dignified way to die. Section 241 of the Criminal Code made it illegal for a doctor or other person to assist her, and she saw this as a clear violation of her right to security of person. Rodriquez felt she was becoming â€Å"a prisoner in [her] on body†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the current laws were enforcing this. If a person wishes to die, it is their right to do so. In Canada, there is no law against attempted suicide, and therefore there should be no law against those who need assistance to end their lives. Like Euthanasia, it is the humane thing to do to assist someone in their decision to end their lives, and s. 241 of the Criminal Code should be altered to accommodate this. In both the aforementioned cases, the goals of these two participants in euthanasia were not to diminish the rights and freedom of the suffering individuals, but rather to uphold them. In the case of R v. Latimer, his daughter suffered in chronic agony, and was unable to even formulate conscious thought. To continue existing in such a declining state of health  was merely torture. As for Sue Rodriguez, she was fully able to make the decision that she wished to end her life, but lacked the faculties to do so without assistance. It was a clear violation of her right to security of person to force her to live in a degrading body, and experience the pain that went with the disease. It is only reasonable that alterations be made to Canada’s justice system, particularly s. 241 of the criminal code. Although the sanctity of life is paramount in importance, when that life is no longer worth living, it should be up to that person, and/or the duty of that person’s closest relations to help them end their suffering, by engaging in euthanasia.

Corporation Governance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporation Governance - Coursework Example Duty only applies to directors not ‘officers’ as with other duties. Under {s 588V Corporations Act} Holding Companies also have a duty to prevent their subsidiaries from trading whilst insolvent’ Firstly under {s 588G(1)(a) Corporations Act}, â€Å"the duty is only imposed on directors and NOT officers. However, the definition of ‘directors’ will include shadow and de facto directors. Recall de facto director acts as a director even if they are not validly appointed and shadow director is able to have influence over the board† (Melbourne University Law Students Society Tribunal Service, â€Å"Corporations Law†). Firstly it should be illustrated that only willingly incurred debts for specific amount can bear a charge of insolvent trading {Standard Charter Bank per Hodgson J}, â€Å"a company incurs a debt when by its choice it does or omits something which, as a matter of substance and commercial reality, renders it liable for a debt for which it otherwise would not have been liable† (Cassidy, â€Å"Concise Corporations Law†) The defense which Jack can have is that he needs to show the reasonable grounds for his expectations of insolvency at the time the debts were taken. Again he needs to show that he relied on the information provided by others in the management which led to insolvency. Otherwise, he has to validate certain credible reasons for his absence. Smith and Jones can register under Limited Liability Corporations (LLC). This type of corporations is much in demand nowadays. They are the combination of partnership firm and a corporation. The tax effects are mostly based on that of the partnership firm but other entities is that it shares of the corporations. It is formed by members and not shareholders. Advantages of a Limited Liability Company can be that LLCs offer personal liability guard for members. The legal procedures to be followed are very simple and lucid. The members can come to agreement on their own terms,

Technology Management in Education Annotated Bibliography

Technology Management in Education - Annotated Bibliography Example This paper was important to my study of management of technology in education as it enabled me to have a clear picture of the concerns that accompany its use and the types of technological tools that can presently be found in many classrooms. I also found it useful to learn the extent to which teachers are familiar with technology. This particular study examined the present trends of technology and the way that the concerns of teachers have developed over time. The research was carried out over a four year period and looked at two hundred teachers who were assessed over aspects such as awareness, the amount of information they have concerning the use of technology in education and how exactly they manage this technology. This study looked at the concerns that teachers have over several levels of their professional development. In using this paper for my research, I was able to have a better understanding of the concerns of teachers and especially the feelings that they have over the implementation of technology and more importantly, the tools that they use in order to effectively manage this technology. this paper was especially important since it looks at the implementation across a number of international environments which I believe enabled my paper to be more comprehensive. In this particular study, the author presents a report on the research that she has done on schools and how teaching has evolved in the 21st century. She examines the impact that technology has had on the field of education and examines how education has moved from instances where teachers stood in front of the classroom to one which focuses more on collaboration and centered on the student. This paper was critical to my research since it enabled me to learn how technology has enabled students become global citizens and some of the core characteristics of school curriculums in the 21st century. The paper also enabled me to have an understanding of the strategies that are needed in

Higher education policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Higher education policies - Essay Example Thus, this paper will specifically focus on the policies of higher education system of one of the countries of the African continent, South Africa. In particular, the paper will focus on the process of policies development in South African higher education system while discussing the responses of higher education institutions regarding the alterations in the mode of curricula after policy developments in the country. Lastly, the researcher will put efforts to conclude the paper while proposing some recommendations that will be beneficial for the higher education system in the coming years. In addition, it is anticipation that such discussion and deliberation on higher education system of South Africa and its process of education policies formation will enlighten readers with differences in the policy formulation and its implementation in real scenarios. Furthermore, this paper will provide critical observations that will enable the experts in prioritise future educational policies Analysis of the literature (Johnson, 1996) has indicated that since beginning, public institutions have been dominating the higher education system in South Africa; however, since a decade, there has been an increment in the number of private institutions, an indication of successful policy alteration implementation. Moreover, there have been reports (Bitzer, 2009) of private-public partnerships as well in the same sector that points toward the growth of the higher education system. In particular, besides public institutions, according to the statistics of the year 2004, private educational institutions had approximately eighty-five thousand students in different academic programs all over the country (Bitzer, 2009). In addition, foreign educational institutions have also begun to operate in South African that is another indication of success in the policy

Controlling (Principles of Management Mod 5 SLP) Essay

Controlling (Principles of Management Mod 5 SLP) - Essay Example In controlling, equity bank applies action accountability that holds each employee accountable for their actions. Having trained employees on their responsibilities, each employee is left to act under minimal supervision keeping in mind that the outcome of his/her action has either a positive or negative implication on his/her performance record. Operating in a very competitive industry, Equity Bank’s management uses controlling as business strength so as to move ahead of its competitors (Alembi, 2009), who seem to have similar strategic plans. As a matter of fact, all financial organizations in the region have almost equal capacities to acquire employees, resources and mobilize their clients. However, through action accountability, equity bank has managed to rapidly grow relative to other financial institutions. In implementing this control effort, the management allows for both internal and external control of their employees. Through internal control, the management relies on employees, especially heads of various departments but not restricting the lower class employees, to exercise self-control. In fact, the employees who are preliminarily motivate by the fact that they will be rewarded for extra ordinarily good performance, are allowed to fulfill their job expectations by their own will and procedures. Moreover, equity bank provides their employees with sufficient resources and clear performance objectives that enable them deal with millions of clients to whom they have to attend to. In addition to self-control, each employee is answerable to an administrator who minimally supervises him, and is linked with performance appraisal system and employee discipline system that reward or punish extreme cases of performance respectively. However, although there are rewards and punishments, the firm capitalizes on always correcting its employees in efforts to improving individual performance in

Skull identitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skull identitation - Essay Example In addition, the observed physical characteristics on the frontal view and the profile views were also taken into consideration. For instance, the jaws and other features present in these different skulls. This skull exhibits large supraorbital height index of approximately71 uv/tv. This almost matches the supraorbital size of Australopithecus africanus skull and Neanderthal skulls that are 70uv/tv and 70uv/tv respectively. An analysis on the nuchal ridge area was also taken it had a height of 39tw/tv. A comparison was then drawn with regard to the known varieties; there was closeness with the nuchal skull of Australopithecus africanus and Neanderthal that had a nuchal area of 38tw/tv and 37tw/tv respectively. A further measurement was done on the condylar position on the skull. It was found out that the condylar position index was 44xy/xz. When this was compared with known varieties of skulls; there was an exact match with the condylar index of Australopithecus africanus that was also 44xy/xz. To ascertain the identity of this skull, a further analysis was done and the physical characteristics of the skull and different traits were observed. The canine teeth were relatively smaller and the shape of the jaw was fully parabolic. These characteristic were shared with the skull of Australopithecus africanus. In general, this skull is possibly a skull of Australopithecus africanus The results revealed that the supraorbital height index of this skull is 66uv/tv which was relatively smaller compared to the first skull (Elbroch, 2006). Although, this exactly matches supraorbital size of Homo sapiens skull that is also 66uv/tv. Another study on the nuchal area height was also conducted and gave a height of 18tw/tv. It was observed that it was also smaller in size compared to that of the first skull but was closer to that of Australopithecus robustus. A